| «Немецкий вопрос» в казахстанско-германских отношениях в начале 1990-х гг. | |
| Волкова Тамара Петровна 1 | |
| 1.1Казахстанско-Немецкий университет | |
| Дата поступления 2022.02.11 | Аннотация. «Немецкий вопрос» рассматривается как требование этнических немцев возродить их национальную самобытность и восстановить несправедливо уничтоженную государственность. С этой целью были образованы общественные организации немцев, например «Видергебурт» («Возрождение»). Нерешённость «немецкого вопроса» вызвала массовую миграцию немцев из СССР, а позже из постсоветских стран. ФРГ была заинтересована сократить поток мигрантов, особенно обширный из Казахстана. Республика Казахстан в сложный период формирования независимого государства стремилась привлечь германские инвестиции для развития экономики. Становление межгосударственных связей Казахстана и Германии происходило с участием «Возрождения». |
| Ключевые слова политология и международные отношения, «немецкий вопрос», «Видергебурт» («Возрождение»), немцы Казахстана, миграция немцев, казахстанско-германские отношения | |
Библиография 1. Скучаева О. Е. «Немецкий вопрос» в Поволжье (конец 1980-х – начало 1990-х гг.) // Российские немцы: 50 лет послевоенному общественному движению: От первых делегаций в правительство через «Возрождение» к современной системе Самоорганизации (1964–2014 гг.) : материалы 5-й Междунар. науч.-практ. конф., Москва, 11–16 февр. 2015 г. – М. : МСНК-пресс, 2015. – С. 51–58. 2. Брубейкер Р. Этничность без групп. – М. : Издат. дом Высш. шк. экономики, 2012. – 408 с. 3. Блинова А. Н., Смирнова Т. Б. Немецкие общественные организации в постсоветских государствах Центральной Азии // Вестник Омского университета. Серия «Исторические науки». – 2020. – Т. 7, № 4 (28). – С. 167–174. – DOI: 10.24147/2312-1300.2020.7(4).167-174. 4. Бауэр В. А., Иларионова Т. С. Российские немцы: право на надежду. К истории национального движения народа (1955–1993). – М. : Республика, 1995. – 457 с. 5. Айсфельд А. Четверть века застоя и бурных перемен // История и культура немцев Казахстана = Geschichte und Kultur der Deutschen in Kasachstan. – Гёттинген ; Алматы : I see real, 2017. – С. 358–380. 6. Айсфельд А., Дедерер А. Немцы в республике Казахстан: между Востоком и Западом // История и культура немцев Казахстана = Geschichte und Kultur der Deutschen in Kasachstan. – Гёттинген ; Алматы : I see real, 2017. – С. 382–453. 7. Касаткин П. И., Курске В. С., Валиев И. А. Роль немецкой диаспоры в российско-германских отношениях // Вестник МГИМО-Университета. – 2012. – № 5. – С. 86–97. 8. Бадалова Е. В., Золотарева А. А. Стратегическое партнёрство Казахстана и Германии // Acta Orientalia Voronensia. Воронежское востоковедение : сб. ст. – Воронеж : Фак. междунар. отношений : Центр вост. исслед., 2017. – Вып. 2. – С. 207–216. 9. Губайдуллина М. Ш. «Европейский путь Казахстана»: современные перспективы в проблематике ЕС и Центральной Азии // Политические и экономические интересы Германии в Казахстане и Центральной Азии : материалы Междунар. науч.-практ. конф., Алматы, 14 мая, 2010 г. – Алматы : КИСИ при Президенте РК, 2010. – С. 26–40. | |
Сведения о финансировании и благодарности | |
| “German Issue” in Kazakhstan-German Relations at the Beginning of the 1990s | |
| Volkova Tamara P. 1 | |
| 1.1Kazakh-German University | |
| Received 2022.02.11 | Abstract. In the article based on new archive data from Republic of Kazakhstan Ministry of Foreign Affairs fund the factor of German diaspora in regards of Kazakhstan-German relations’ establishment and development is considered. “German Issue” is considered as ethnical Germans’ requirement to revive their national identity and to restore unfairly destroyed statehood. For this purpose, Germans’ public organizations were established, e.g. “Wiedergeburt” (“Revival”). The failure to resolve the “German Issue” led since the late 1980s to Germans’ massive migration from the USSR and later from post-Soviet countries. The largest outflow of German population was from Kazakhstan, where almost half of all soviet Germans lived. The FRG struggling from excessive number of entrants stopped the migration flow, at the same time German diaspora located in Kazakhstan could be useful for German entrepreneurs. Kazakhstan Government also wanted to stop Germans’ massive departure; moreover, German diaspora could attract German investments to Kazakhstan. Both countries governments’ interests coincided in regards of ethnical Germans holding back on their places of residence. After discussions the countries introduced the mutual concept that Kazakhstan government will ensure the revival of culture and language of German ethnos, at the same time help from Germany will be used also in favor of those “nationalities that live together with Germans”. Both countries’ governments have chosen public organizations of Germans in Kazakhstan as intermedium. Separate “Wiedergeburt” communities formed in Republic in 1989, then in 1992 they were united. The consolidation of Kazakhstan Germans’ public organizations was conducted with German politics’ participation. On the February 11, 1992 the countries established diplomatic relations. During N.A. Nazarbayev’s visit to FRG in September 1992 “German Issue” was discussed as one with the highest importance and was connected to Kazakhstan economic relations development. However, German national-administrative units were not created in Kazakhstan. Another side of the issue – Kazakhstan Germans’ ethnical identity development – was realized by “Revival” organization with support of Germany and Kazakhstan. German side invested a lot of funds and efforts to help German ethnos. In November 1994 Kazakhstan Republic government adopted “Complex Program of Ethnical Revival of Germans residing in Kazakhstan”. In 1994 Intergovernmental Kazakhstan-German commission on the Germans’ issues living in Kazakhstan was formed. However, on this stage the Germans did continue leaving Kazakhstan, slowing down although; at the same time German investments, as the whole German business, were poorly presented in Kazakhstan in 1990s. Nevertheless, the relations between Kazakhstan and Germany were established and were developing and “Revival” became a connecting link between two countries’ governments and Kazakhstan Germans. |
| Keywords political science and international relations, “German Issue”, “Wiedergeburt” (“Revival”), the Germans of Kazakhstan, the Germans migration, Kazakhstan-German relations | |
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Acknowledgements | |
| Сведения об авторах Волкова Тамара Петровна 1.1 |
| About the authors Volkova Tamara P. 1.1 |
