| Политическая нелояльность и военные преступления прибалтийских дворян в годы Первой мировой войны | |
| Зверев Вадим Олегович 1 | |
| 1.1Омская академия МВД России | |
| Дата поступления 2021.11.24 | Аннотация. Рассмотрены предпосылки формирования и эволюция образа «немецкого барона – врага России» в контуре некритического восприятия прибалтийского общества и органов государственной безопасности России во время Первой мировой войны. Выявлены факты, свидетельствовавшие о политической ненадёжности баронов. С опорой на уникальные архивные документы делается вывод о том, что некоторые из немецких дворян сообщали авангарду германской армии своевременные и ценные сведения о дислокации и потенциале русских войск. Однако, в связи с тем, что судебные приговоры в отношении курляндских и лифляндских баронов, подозревавшихся в шпионаже в пользу Германии, на сегодняшний день в архивохранилищах Российской Федерации не обнаружены, они не могут быть названы преступниками. |
| Ключевые слова отечественная история, прибалтийские губернии, конфронтация, бароны, шпионаж, германская армия, контрразведка | |
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Сведения о финансировании и благодарности | |
| Political Disloyalty and War Crimes of the Baltic Nobles During the First World War | |
| Zverev Vadim O.1 | |
| 1.1Omsk Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia | |
| Received 2021.11.24 | Abstract. In the Soviet historiography of the First World War, a false opinion was formed that representatives of the large local nobility who had “Germanic roots” (as a rule, natives of Germany or persons who had Russian and German citizenship) were a category of persons politically disloyal to the Russian autocracy. They allegedly saw their national-patriotic mission in acts of overt and covert sabotage of Russia’s military security in the Baltic states – from hanging the national flags of Germany on the roofs of their estates to creating favorable conditions for the invasion of “Teutonic knights”. Another myth that can be traced in some works of modern Russian historians is that all Baltic barons of German origin, in the conditions of an armed clash between Russian and German military and naval forces, remained loyal to the Tsar and the Fatherland (Russian Empire) to the end. In this article, the author set himself the goal of reconciling the existing historical differences and contradictions, showing an objective picture of front-line political life, the central figures of which in the Baltic provinces (at different times, some districts of Courland and Livonia) were German barons. For this, an attempt was made to trace the evolution of the “enemy image”, which was embodied in the “Eastsee nobles”. It was concluded that their initial stereotypical perception and misinterpretation of the border threat was based only on the speculation of police and military officials. This and other (including those opposite in meaning) conclusions were based on archival documents discovered and introduced by the author into scientific circulation. Initially, the counterintelligence officers of the Northern Front did not have a clear idea of the hostile intentions and, moreover, the illegal activities of the Baltic barons. However, with the beginning of the “Great Retreat” of the Russian armies, some of them were faced with a difficult moral choice: Whom should they be loyal to and serve – their ancestral homeland or their homeland (Russia)? As a result of the preferences given, the overwhelming minority of the nobility, as follows from the correspondence on the counterintelligence line, committed crimes that were qualified by the current Russian criminal legislation as treason. And, at the same time, due to the fact that none of the criminally prosecuted, first of all, Courland barons ended up in the dock, and the judicial authorities never passed a single guilty verdict, we cannot consider them criminals. |
| Keywords national history, Baltic provinces, confrontation, barons, espionage, German army, counterintelligence | |
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Acknowledgements | |
| Сведения об авторах Зверев Вадим Олегович 1.1 |
| About the authors Zverev Vadim O. 1.1 |
